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从数学分析到非阿基米德分析、拓扑学以及微分几何

Published at 2024-10-01 11:23:38Viewed 64 times
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数分1-3学习总结😟:虽然我不喜欢数分,但是数分确实是不少数学分支的基础,诸如泛函分析、下学期即将学的ODE、PDE、微分几何等等,都需要数分的基础。因此,学好数分确实有必要,但是也没必要花过多的时间在里面。

数分1中,我们首先学习了上确界和下确界,这两个概念在分析中非常重要。接着学习了实数域的阿基米德性,根据实数域的阿基米德性,我们可以加以推广,推广到一个ordered abelian group上面,接着我们有了阿基米德性质的乘法版本。同时,实数域的阿基米德性允许我们定义一个域上的阿基米德绝对值,而如果这个绝对值是非阿基米德的,那么就引出了所谓的非阿基米德分析。接着我们学习了极限,知道了如何用epsilon-delta语言描述极限,这里极限的定义借助于一个特定的度量,如果去掉这个度量我们还能定义一个极限吗?答案是可以,在一个拓扑空间中,我们可以借助邻域来定义极限,无需任何距离。

数分2中,我们学习了级数,并得出结论,一个级数收敛的必要条件是系数构成的序列趋于0。然而在非阿基米德分析中,如果我们考虑非阿基米德绝对值,那么就能得出级数收敛的充要条件是系数构成零序列。

数分3中,我们学了多元函数,书本上有个很重要的东西-光滑函数没有提到,所谓的光滑函数即是所有阶偏导数都存在。而在学全微分时,d这个符号在微分几何中可以看成一个线性算子,而全微分的形式其实只是以dx和dy为基底做的线性组合。接着我们学习了多重积分、线积分、面积分。这些东西在微分几何中都可以加以推广,比如说多重积分就能推广到一个流形上或者推广到对一个微分形式的积分。

内容太多不能一 一详述,手累了,不写了😁

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本文原发布于2022年1月19日 22:49,是我发在朋友圈的一些感想。本文只是一个粗略的梗概,如果你对更多的具体的技术细节感兴趣,请看我的note:An introduction to different branches of mathematics。该note从最基本的欧几里得空间出发,延伸至其他多个数学分支。

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